How Well Did the English Exchequer Function in the Essay Example For Students

How Well Did the English Exchequer Function in the Essay Twelfth Century?How Well Did the English Exchequer Function in the Twelfth Century?The English exchequer was the central board responsible for all incomings and out goings into the royal treasury. It arrived with the Normans andwas the first system of centralized revenue extraction to appear that althoughcrude was adirect predecessor to the modern one. The information on how the Exchequer functioned as a method ofinstitutionalised revenue extraction is from the The course of the Exchequerwritten by Richard son of Nigel. The text provides a one sided argument intothe merits of the Exchequer as Richard himself is the treasurer. The text iswritten in a typically classical dialogue style with a master dictating to hisscholar. Richard also presents himself as a well educated and intelligent manthrough his grasp of Latin and his quotations from Biblical and classical textsas well as alluding to philosophy through his talk of logic. The interesting proposition therefore is who was interested in such acomplicated text and why was it produced. The system of the Exchequer was acomplex one that would have been understood by few at the time. By attemptingto describe this system in a way that presents it as equitable, it could haveconvinced the Barons and others paying taxes of the validity and fairness of asystem of which they would have had little comprehension. This would also behelped by Richards apparently good grasp of the area. The Exchequer board was the highest office that could be obtained in theroyal circle and was the most powerful and prestigious as it presided over allfinancial matters. It allowed records to be formed and general standards to bemaintained. The ultimate power of the exchequer is aptly put in the textwhere your treasure is, there will your heart be also. The Exchequer had a greater role than just recording revenue as itprovided a forum where judgments could be made and disputes about financialmatters could be settled. It also saw commands depersonalized through the useof writs which can be described as the routinization of charisma (Clanchy,1979). The King no longer had to have any direct influence over a command andsome form of general standard could be applied. In command of the Exchequer was the Kings Chief Justiciar who waseffectively second in command from the King. He presided over the whole boardand was the only one besides the king himself who could reverse decisions oncethey had been made. Any writs from the treasury for payment and expenditure hadto be authorized by him. The exchequer was structured into a lower and higher board whichcontained various officials, Kings dignitaries, clerks and scribes to ensurethat any decisions that were reached were recorded accurately. The members whoplayed an active role in the exchequer were the tallies clerk who held all thecounter tallies of receipt, an accountant who used the actual exchequer boardand counters to record all financial in comings and out goings and the treasurerwho recorded all goings on. Above all these men were scribes who recorded againprecisely what was written down and to ensure that this was correct theychecked it against each other at the conclusion of the session. Other important officials that sat on the exchequer board were thechancellor who was the keeper of the kings official signature, his seal. Another was the constable who had to witness all writs as well as sort outpayment to the kings various mercenaries and wage earners. Chamberlainsperformed the task of collating the account into a forel and then presentingthem to the treasury on behalf of the sheriff of a particular county. There wasa Marshall responsible for arresting any debtor who had failed to pay. .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 , .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .postImageUrl , .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 , .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:hover , .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:visited , .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:active { border:0!important; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:active , .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89 .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69ee8b4de8621fd32901049ef915ab89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wal mart EssayA significant part of the system were the tally sticks that were givenas receipts for any payment. The sticks were notched in different waysaccording to the amount being recorded. This stick was then split in two withthe debtor receiving half and the other portion tied together to form totals. Receipts were probably given in this way as they were more likely to survive andin a time of relatively widespread illiteracy easier to understand. Thissimplistic method was very precise as can be seen by its continual use up untilthe nineteenth century. The accounts were formed by a clerk who made out the account using coinsfor counters on the exchequer board which was essentially like an abacus. Thisappears to have been a very complicated process. The counters are placed in thedesired position and then the figures were called out and recorded by a scribewhich must have been extremely hard work. The treasury received all accountfrom the sheriffs of different counties and were written onto a role. In allthree separate roles were kept. Being on the board of the exchequer appears to have involved long hoursand a high degree of pressure. In the course of the exchequer it is statedthatthe treasurer, indeed, is beset by so many constant great cares andanxieties, that he cannot be blamed if sleep sometimes over takes him in themiddle of it all.The general problems faced by the exchequer would best be summed up bythe textMoreover, in human affairs scarcely anything is absolutely perfect.The exchequer even if limited by technology capable of adding the figures wasultimately aided by its reliance on human endeavor. It appears that itfunctioned by accountability, that is each members accountability to another. This occurred from the scribes and the clerks right up to the chief justiciarand ultimately the King. TheExchequer functioned as a bureaucraticorganization with records being written and taxes collected in an organised,literate way and was not only a sign of the development of a feudal system inEngland but as a precursor to the modern state. ReferencesClanchy M. T, From Memory to Written Record, 2nd ed. Cambridge 1989Richard son of Nigel, The Course of the Exchequer, trans. C. Johnson, London1950. History

Working with English Language Learners Essay Sample free essay sample

Carry throughing the Appropriate Needs for English Language Learners The American schoolroom is of all time altering because desks are being filled with pupils who have progressively diverse backgrounds. Many of these pupils need to be taught the English Language while in school. these pupils are known as English-Language Learners or ELL’s ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 ) . â€Å"Culturally and linguistically different pupils can resemble a disablement. but can besides dissemble an unmet disability† ( Collier. 2012 ) . That being said. it’s of import for instructors to to the full understand where an ELL is fighting. English-Language Learners can fight from the procedure of larning a new linguistic communication. cultural differences. or a disablement. Disproportionality has been known to be an educational concern sing ELL’s ; speedy referrals to particular instruction without appropriate logical thinking has caused loss of academic land in pupils ( Haung. Cl arke. Milczarski. A ; Raby. 2011 ) . When working with English-Language Learner’s many of their demands can travel unmet ; this usher provides deductions to assistance instructors and job work outing squads with the cognition to acknowledge a civilization difference from a disablement to diminish disproportion. We will write a custom essay sample on Working with English Language Learners Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cultural Differences and Behavior If a instructor does non cognize how old the student’s are. how does he or she know what course of study to cover? Metaphorically. this represents the importance of understanding cultural diverseness as a instructor. Dr. Catherine Collier. who is presently a manager of Cross Cultural Developmental Education Services. defines civilization as. † how we organize our behaviours. communicating. values. and emotions† ( Collier. 2012. p. 496 ) . Culture reflects nature ; in the nature vs. raising argument. Educators should be cognizant of how much nature can impact a child’s upbringing and behaviour ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 ) . When a instructor encounters a pupil who comes from an progressively diverse background. it is wise for the instructor to acquire every bit much background information about the student’s civilization before he or she enters the category. By obtaining this cognition before manus. the opportunities of placing an Ell with an emotiona l perturbation or a learning disablement can be decreased. Nature is what a kid can non pull strings. but raising is what pedagogues and other function theoretical accounts can. Deductions for Educators If an ELL comes into a category and expresses a alone behaviour that may be considered misbehaving. the instructor should first remain calm. cool. and corporate! The pupil may non be witting about how to move in the new school scene. Teachers should do instructional consciousness about how to believe. act. and take part in the schoolroom to assist assistance ELL’s ( Berg et al. . 2011 ) . If misconducting continues after proper direction the instructor may desire to progress to speaking in private with the pupil. describing day-to-day behaviour. and use structural wages plans. It is of import for the instructor with an ELL to document advancement every other hebdomad. Interventions with functional appraisals. household and pupil guidance. and other out side school plans can assist help the pupil who continues misconducting. Instructional consciousness has been reported to be extremely effectual by increasing societal accomplishments. and cut downing inappropriate behaviour in the schoolroom ( Friend A ; Bursuck. 2012 ) . Cultural Differences and Academicians Cultural versions can be overpowering and nerve-racking for English Language Learners. Harmonizing to recent surveies. it takes 7 old ages to go proficient in the English Language ( Berg et. Al. 2012 ) . High outlooks are set for English Language Learners the pupils must accommodate to the new cultural. get a new linguistic communication and obtain new stuff in his or her class. ELL’s may non be adept with the English linguistic communication but their deficiency of proficiency does non enable them to be cognitively handicapped ( Berg et. Al. 2012 ) . Learning a new linguistic communication is a procedure non a undertaking that can be completed rapidly. Frustrated should neer be shown to an English Language Learner. The instructor should be cognizant of the phases an ELL will travel through when geting a new linguistic communication to avoid disproportionality. Deductions for Educators English-Language Learners will travel through a few phases at their ain academic gait when going familiar with the new linguistic communication. Teachers can short-circuit defeat by being concise about the stairss most English-Language Learners go through. The first measure is called the â€Å"silent stage† when introduced to the new linguistic communication ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . During this phase. pupils may stay soundless externally while the new information is being obtained internally. Outwardly marks of silence. gestural communicating. and short replies are healthy. An ELL will talk when ready. there should be no force per unit area put on a pupil to talk. Second. pupils will get down the â€Å"comfort phase â€Å"where they begin to go comfy pass oning utilizing short phrases instead than complete sentences ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . Praise from the teacher should be done on a regular basis when ELL’s get down to talk. Third. pupils will continue with the â€Å"fluency stage† ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . This phase is where ELL’s acknowledge what they speak does non sound like other English talkers and strikes the involvement to go fluent in the linguistic communication ( Berg. Petron A ; Greyback. 2012 ) . These marks should non be taking factors that classify a pupil with a disablement unless silence licenses after proper direction. Disabilities within English-Language Learners There are 14 specified classs that are exceptionally prescribed by the federal jurisprudence that provides pupils with the right to have academic aid ( Bursuck A ; Friend. 2012 p. 20 ) . For a pupil to have particular instruction. a long legal procedure is to be completed which includes: â€Å"identification. referral. rating. eligibility. IEP meetings an Hagiographas. and constitution of appropriate services† ( Friend A ; Bursuck. 2012 p. 30 ) . Testing processs are accurate when proving a pupil whose dominant linguistic communication is English ; unluckily. the trial can go debatable when an ELL is tested ( Sullivan. 2012 ) . Although at that place has non been any processs set to enable a valid trial for ELL’s ; there has been several suggestions ( Sullivan. 2011 ) . Deductions for Educators There are no federal Torahs set for ELL’s. but there are suggestions that instructors may desire to accommodate to clear up a disablement from a difference. Reviewing an ELL’s past instruction in their native linguistic communication has been reported as an effectual manner ; this construct helps pedagogues grasp what a pupil is capable of carry throughing ( Berg et. Al. . 2012 ) . Interpreters have been suggested to interpret the standardised trial for ELL pupils ; unluckily. translators can go expensive and will non vouch complete truth ( Sullivan. 2011 ) . Monitoring a student’s behaviour outside of school may assist garner information about a behaviour job. Harmonizing to Barrera. ( as cited in Haung et. Al. 2011 ) . â€Å"educators have seen effectivity of the curriculum-based dynamic appraisal ( CDA ) . that is used for ELL’s with a questionable acquisition disability† ( p. 736 ) . CDA examines and evaluates the pupils larning abilities by let ing the pupil to show what they have learned after they learn it alternatively of proving the pupils knowledge at one time. CDA is still being researched but may be the following measure to supply valid categorization and a brighter hereafter for ELL’s ( Haung et. Al. 2011 ) . Distinguishing ELL’s can go a nerve-racking occupation for instructors with the force per unit area to avoid disproportionality. Professionalism and obtaining an open-mind can do designation less of a battle for pedagogues. Teachers who understand cultural differences in the schoolroom can assist help minor complications such as behavior jobs. English Language Learner’s are alone and bright pupils and pedagogues should be proud to be their instructor non pressured. Classroom and school systems are going greatly diverse and proper categorization should neer be taken lightly from pedagogues who are built on a steadfast foundation around equal instruction. Mentions Berg. H. . Petron. M. . A ; Greybeck. B. ( 2012 ) . Puting the foundation for working with English linguistic communication scholars in the secondary schoolroom. American secondary instruction. 40 ( 3 ) . 34-34 Retrieved September 15. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. ebscohost. com/lo gin. aspx? direct=true A ; db=a ph amp ; AN=78367019=ehost-live. Bursuck. W. D. . A ; Friend. M. ( Eds. ) . ( 2012 ) . Including pupils with particular demands: A practical usher for schoolroom instructors. Boston. MA: Pearson.Collier. C. ( 2011 ) . Seven stairss to dividing difference from disablement. Thousand Oaks. CA: Corwin.Huang. J. . Clarke. K. . Milczarski. E. . A ; Raby. C. ( 2011 ) . The appraisal of English linguistic communication scholars with larning diablities. issues. concerns. and deductions. Education. 131 ( 4 ) . 732-739. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals. Sullivan. A. L. ( 2011 ) . Disproportionality in particular instruction designation and arrangement of English linguistic communication scholars. Exceeding kids. 77 ( 3 ) . 317-334. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals.

College Admission Sample Essay - How to Write Your Admissions Essay

College Admission Sample Essay - How to Write Your Admissions EssayWhether you are a senior or a junior in high school, applying for college will be an important event in your life. Fortunately, there are many different college admission sample essays available for free online to help you write your own application essay.The key to essay writing is to first take some time to think about what you want to say with your essay. The purpose of writing an admissions essay is to present yourself and your views to the college admissions committee, giving them something that is unique and meaningful.While you should not come in and start writing your essay, it is good to take some time and plan out how you want your essay to flow. For example, you might consider breaking your essay down into four sections. These sections could include a summary, first paragraph, second paragraph, and a conclusion.In the summary, you can begin by describing yourself briefly and then explain what exactly you ho pe to achieve with your essay. You can give examples of your writing skills and your achievements. This section will lay the foundation for your first paragraph, which begins with a brief introduction.Your second paragraph is designed to give a brief overview of your life and work to the college admission committee. It should be short, to the point, and comprehensive in its explanation of your application.Your next paragraph is designed to provide an outline of what the school or university's application requirements are. In addition, it is used to explain why you want to attend the particular college. Finally, your third paragraph provides some interesting information that can contribute to the overall purpose of your essay.Your fourth paragraph will be your last chance to get your message across to the college admission committee. Make sure that your essay contains a summary of your experiences so that the admissions committee can decide if your application is strong enough to mer it an interview.While you are taking some time to consider your college applications, consider using the resources available online to research different college admission samples. Because of the cost of college tuition, many students are struggling to pay for their education and these free samples may be your only way to help pay for college.

buy custom Drug Court Interventions essay

buy custom Drug Court Interventions essay During a research, the right methodology choice determines the outcome of the research study carried out. Drug court intervention is a critical study that needs to source information that helps in generating data from victims that join the world of drugs. In this article, the results of the study will depend upon the sampled population. It analyses the impact of drugs to a given population whereby data is collected from both the drug abusers and their relatives who are not drug abusers. Problem definition Drug abuse according to the current scientific and clinical research shows that drug abuse creates both temporary and physiological changes which are long term in with an individuals brain. In this study, there are trials of ancillary programs if they fitting the drug court programs apart from the physiological and psychological settings in the mind of the user. Sometimes the settings are altered which result into addictions with the user not suffering from adverse side effects. The advent of drug courts dates back into 1980 which marked the on start of a treatment oriented system for drug users. The program runs to date on how to help users to practice abstinence or to live a free life without the use of drugs. There is integration of coercive justice system which helps the program to practice its might on the users. This makes the program seem official officiated in combating drug use. Research method During the study, survey method to obtain information from respondents was applied. Respondents consisted of forty eight drug court participants who were on health and exercise practice. The basing of the results s generated from the assumption that for people to stop using drugs they need an efficient physical health. Most of the users turn to drugs because they feel that they acquire satisfaction from using drugs hence becomes addicted without their knowledge. Secondary Data Data collection was obtained from books, journals and previous researches done by scholars on drug abuse and courts. The best thing to do is not to shun the users but to join hands in formulating means to help them out of addictions. Secondary data acted as a contributor to the background information of the research. Primary data The survey method provided the primary data. Questionnaires were given out to the respondents in order to obtain answers for the research study. The 48 respondents provided this information. They provided relevant information by relating to their personal experiences or even other people experiences. Questionnaire design The most appropriate tool in conducting a research is a questionnaire. The questionnaires design is an important factor to consider because it is mainly used for the pertinent tasks of data collection and analysis. This illustrates that the questions must be relevant and straightforward to the concerns of the study. It is imperative that the questionnaire meets certain characteristics like readability where the respondent do not need to strain while reading, time considerate in the sense that they enhance brevity, the structure must have cohesion in that connected in that transition from one question to another be enhanced also uphold privacy of the relayed content. During the formulation of the survey, it is important to meet all these qualities. Data Collection Data collection was not effective because many of the respondents left work which was a requirement by the drug court. There was a complication in the determination of the degree of willingness to which individuals used to support the study. The three drug court udges were not equally willing to overlook the case because they used bias. The case of leaning on the side of the case does not help in producing positive results. It is evident because only forty eight out of about one hundred and twenty nine respondents who responded using the mail. This was result of inconveniences caused by the laid out guidelines about the study by the court judges. The program is a resourceful but, the approach it got from the researchers limited the scope which it as supposed to achieve. Research ethics It is imperative to maintain high ethical standards because the respondents do not need to be exposed to the public. The researcher needs to maintain confidentiality of the information he sourced from the respondents. The respondents participated willingly because it is unethical to coerce them into responding to the study research. The responses of the respondents were not misused to achieve ill motives by the researcher. Before the research, the respondents were taken through the objectives of the research because the researchers wanted to achieve consistent data that will help in approaching the drug court intervention. The debriefing of confidentiality by the researcher to the respondents intended to inform the respondents of the objective of the study which focused on achieving the best strategies to combat drug usage among the young people. The identities of the respondents remained unmentioned by the researcher because the agreement was to uphold anonymity. There was no variab le that could have cased direct stress to the respondent or other participants in the research study. The respondents were allowed to leave the survey if they felt that there were some variables which caused psychological stress to them although none left because the research was done in a considerate manner. The researcher offered no financial incentives to the respondents hence making it a result oriented research rather that an incentive motivated one. This ensured that there was no manipulation of information or responses that were compromised. All respondents were above twenty one years of age. Objectives The intention of the study was examining the benefits of exercise on treatment the participants in the courts acquired and the response they gave back. This was done using tabulated data and graphs. It happened as the predictions stipulated that those who participated in Coastal Conditioning program improved because they changed their moods build their self esteem and had a restored general wellness. In the United States, drug courts have been reported as positive innovations because they helped many drug abusers to change their lives by imparting positive information concerning drug abstinence. Analysis As the graphs and the tables, stipulate drug abuse is challenging where most abusers have turned into an addiction. The primary cause of addiction is the need to ape other styles of living, which do not, feature well in an individuals life. The tables show that almost one hundred per cent of the alcohol abusers do not change their behaviour hence making them vulnerable to the social drink. There is no distinction between an abuser of alcohol and an addict because they all seem to enjoy. The graphs show that the target population of 6.7 percent alcohol users, a great number abused the social drink. There are general side effects associated with taking drugs which people do not accept but, they mean a lot to the stopping of an addiction. Primary Substance Used and Criminal Charge at Intake Drug of choice n=126 f % n=488 f % Alcohol 8 6.7 3 6.7 Cocaine 13 10.8 2 4.4 Heroin 19 15.8 7 15.6 Marijuana 12 10.0 4 8.9 Methamphetamine 68 56.7 29 64.4 Missing 6 4.8 3 6.3 Fatigue is caused by abusing drugs and in most cases lack general exercise. Those respondents who had regular exercises were found to be resistant to fatigue and other effects of drugs. The results of exercise make the hypothesis of program being a resource in improvement of general health in the case of taking drugs. Many of the drug abusers encounter stress because they feel that they are doing something against their will, which needs to, are stopped. This brings a bad feeling about them but they seek help to stop the vice. Many of the drug users who quit the vice find peace because they relate well with the people who initially stigmatized them. In the case of motivation for change, those respondents who never exercised felt that there was no need to change because their moods towards change. Depression and distress are usually recorded by the researchers before the exercises but once the drug users accept to participate in the program they become more active than before the program initiation. Drug use problem is different in the manner people address it because different people take drugs at different times. The facilitators of the program need to take concern of this because the drug users are all the same. The problem of drugs goes beyond most of the problems facing the society nowadays. It requires to be approached with a very critical view because drug abuse is the hiding point for criminals in the society. Criminal justice needs to be used in coercion of the drug users to stop using the drug. With the integration of criminal justice, most people feel that they do not need to stop the vice because they ought to do t out of choice rather than coercion. Most of the drug users need to be harnessed into stopping using the drugs because they only spoil their identities when they use the drugs. Conclusion Most of the drug users have the will to respond to change they are imparted with although the gong back syndrome affects them. They need follow up by qualified counsellors who will help them to understand the effectiveness of stopping the habits of taking drugs. Although there are some hitches in practising the drug court, there is a need for government input so that the relevant ministries get the best out of the general population. Buy custom Drug Court Interventions essay

Changing Trends In Advertisement Strategies Of Virgin Atlantic Marketing Essay

Changing Trends In Advertisement Strategies Of Virgin Atlantic Marketing Essay The main aim of the research is to explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies and to evaluate the impact on customers in competitive market. Research Objective: To explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies of Virgin Atlantic To identify the key features in Virgin advertisements that attracts customers To explain the impact of changed advertisement strategies on customers preference Definition of Advertisement strategy: An advertising strategy is a campaign developed to communicate ideas about products and services to potential consumers in the hopes of convincing them to buy those products and services. Research Questions What are the current advertisement trends in airline industry? How does the advertisement strategy of Virgin Atlantic influence customer’s preference? Introduction: Background of research In this research, researcher is going to explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies of Virgin Atlantic Airways. Researcher wants to identify those key elements that influence customer’s attraction towards Virgin Atlantic Airways. Researcher will adopt different tools and techniques to gather primary information. Conceptual Framework: Definition:† A theoretical structure of assumptions, principles, and rules that holds together the ideas comprising a broad concept.† In this particular research; researcher explore the changing trends in advertisement of Virgin Atlantic and explain the impact on customer preference. The conceptual framework of this research is based on five different steps. In the first step researcher explains the aim and objective of the research. The first introduction step also contains the brief introduction of company. In second phase researcher critically evaluates the literature review related to his research .in this phase researcher studied different articles, journals to get the understanding of different thoughts and assumptions related to his research problem and the n end up with the conclusion. Third phase of this research paper is most significant because it explains the different methodologies and tools used by researcher to get his objective. In this step researcher describe his research methodology, strategy, philosophy, approach and data collection method for primary information. The forth phase of this research is data analysis. In this section researcher compiled the relevant information gathered from different respondents through questionnaire and then presented in the form of graphs And at the end researcher give conclusion and recommendation to support his research and then further explains the outcome. . Background of Virgin Atlantic: In early 80’s Randolph Fields gave idea to Richard Branson of starting Virgin Atlantic Airways. Virgin Atlantic Airways Original known as British Atlantic Airways, The first flight of Virgin Atlantic’s was from Gatwick to Newark on their only 747 on 22nd June 1984. Two years after their f irst flight to Newark, Virgin present a planned service to Miami in 1986, and later on with Orlando in 1988. By the end of the 1980’s, Virgin introduced new long haul flights to Tokyo, JFK and Los Angeles in May 1989 and August 1989 respectively. Virgin Atlantic’s is recognized by their innovative strategy, and the severe competition with BA on the transatlantic routes has pushed forward services unlike any other carriers in the world. Virgin was the first international passenger carrier to present personal in-flight entertainment systems in lower class, and then they have specify business class approaching it way beyond the expectations. Virgin Atlantic’s is always remain in media due to their innovative and appealing advertisements.

Business model assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business model assignment - Essay Example Amazon has gained the trust and confidence of numerous popular retailers who use Amazon to offer their e-commerce products that include but are not limited to merchandizing, technology and customer services to the consumers all over the world. Amazon is also used by branded merchants as a channel meant for incremental sales. The Amazon retail site advertises products of the leading retailers of the world. The web services offered by Amazon are of huge significance to the independent developers of software. The web services are used to create innovative services for both the sellers and the consumers of Amazon products. Amazon makes money by using a multi-leveled e-commerce strategy. According to this strategy, anybody can sell anything on Amazon. Consequentially, Amazon not only has a huge customer base, but also a huge vendor base. Amazon sustains its competitive advantage by maintaining a huge customer base and an efficient system of logistics. Customers are made loyal by providing them with variety and economy. Also, right from the beginning, Amazon has been delivering the products to its customers the latest by the promised dates. When an individual purchases a certain product on Amazon, Amazon makes it convenient for him/her and gets the product delivered to the address mentioned by the customer. Amazon provides its customers with the best customer service by exposing them to a wide array of products to choose from, selling the products at a significantly lower rate than what their market price is, and maintaining the secrecy of the customer in all ways. Amazon’s interaction with customers is its center of gravity. This is the part of the value chain that is most important to the company and is indeed the point where Amazon’s core competencies lie. Amazon adopts various strategies to customize the experience of its customers. When an individual that has once shopped from Amazon arrives at its homepage, he/she not only finds various

SPA Management Business Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

SPA Management Business Plan - Term Paper Example Location and Floor Plan 24 5.5. Equipment 25 5.6. Inventory 25 5.7. Technology 26 5.8. Customer service 26 6. Personal Financial Statement 26 6.1. Personal Financial Statement 27 6.2. Start-up Expenses and Capitalisation 27 6.3. Financial Objectives 28 6.4. Balance sheet forecast 29 6.5. The profit and loss forecast 30 6.6. Expected cash flow 31 6.7. Break Even analysis 32 Reference 33 Bibliography 35 2. Executive Summary SoulConcord aims to be the premier spa salon in Los Angeles, California. The company is determined to offer a unique combination of offered services and products to offer the customers a luxury experience. The company would carry out intensive marketing and promotional activities to quickly gain market share. SoulConcord would provide customers with a relaxing, rejuvenating atmosphere where the products and services can satisfy all their mind and body requirements. The business would be set up with a management team including Myriam Maier, Yves-Jerome Ludwigs and Gi an Matteo Mannering. At the first year, the company may face certain difficulties. However, in the coming years, it is determined to make a huge success. 3. The Business 3.1. Business Description In the contemporary society, spa is turning out as part of day to day life. One can notice, spa is mushrooming at a faster rate even in the suburbs and thus the spa industry is growing at a healthy rate throughout the world. As the concept of spa is quite new, often people misunderstood it with other non-spa businesses like beauty salons, massage services offered in hotels and clinics. Therefore, the misconcept of people regarding spa can be minimised with help of a clear cut definition. Spa can be defined as â€Å"a business offering spa treatments based on authentic water-based therapies which are practices by qualified personnel in a professional and relaxing environment (Cohen & Bodeker, 2008, p.55). It is quite hard to find out origin of spa industry but as per the experts, use of min eral springs and thermal mud was part of the first civilization development on the Earth. With time, the concept of different forms of baths got attached with religious ceremonies, hygiene and beauty. Among the ancient spa baths, those of the Roman Empire were the most famous ones. These social baths were part of the culture and a mean of hygiene. In Roman culture, large hydrotherapy and garrisons were built near to hot springs. These places were used by the soldiers to heel their battle wounds. However, the prevailing spa industry has its origin in Europe during 18th – 19th century when people started using water therapy for rheumatic and respiration disorders. At that time spas were specifically made in mountain towns so that the visitors can enjoy spectacular views along with fresh air and water treatments. The modern spas are also based on hydrotherapy principles that use thermal pools, different types of massage and mud bath for therapeutic use (Williams, 2006, p.4-5). T he concept of therapeutic use of mineral water was well known to the Native American. The spa industry was commercialised in 1790 when Saratoga Hot Spring in Wyoming was opened for commercial use. Another major development in the spa industry was International Spa Association (ISPA) founded in 1991. The goal of this association is to develop networking among international professional spa associations, educate them, formulate policies & standards, provide required resources and build coalition throughout the world. Figure 1: Ten Elements of Spa